Your Body. How It Works. Digestion and Nutrition PDF Free Download

On the way home from her morning classes, Amy stops for lunch at a fast-food resturaunt. Amy is in a hurry and she knows the meal will be served fast and she knows the food is safe. The food may not be the tastiest in the world, or very good for her, but it will get her through lunch.Amy has eaten in this kind of place hundreds of times before. She orders a burger, fries, and a chocolate shake. She knows the burger and fries have lots of fat and salt that she does not need. She also knows the shake is risky for her. She has a form of lactose intolerance that sometimes results in abdominal cramping and diarrhea after ingesting milk products. But she is in a hurry, and at least she knows what she gets here; besides, she has been thinking about the chocolate shake all morning. After Amy eats her lunch, her body processes the hamburger, fries, and chocolate milkshake into nutrients her body can use. The digestive system processes the food people eat into nutrients for the body. The process takes nutrients in the form of food we can see, smell, and taste and reduces the food to small sizes that can be passed through the cells of the digestive tract and travel to places in the body that need the nutrients.Digestion starts in the mouth by taking a bite of food, chewing it, mixing it with saliva, and swallowing it. The food has been reduced to a smaller size, but still not small enough.

Blood: Physiology and Circulation (The Human Body) PDF Free Download

Humans have been fascinated by the intricacies of blood as far back as early Egyptian civilization. Tombs in Egypt depicted bloodletting—a procedure through which blood is intentionally removed from a vein—as a treatment for sick patients. Some ancient Greeks drank the blood of a fallen warrior, believing that by doing so they would gain the dead man’s strength and courage. Misunderstandings persisted for centuries. For instance, medical professionals still erroneously believed that bloodletting was the “cure” for a number of maladies well into the Common Era. It wasn’t until 1628, when British physician William Harvey published his fi nding on how blood was pumped from the heart throughout the body and then recirculated, that the widespread practice of draining a person’s blood was called into question. A proper and thorough understanding of blood’s function took thousands of years to develop. Throughout the 20th century and into the 21st, methods of examining, storing, and using blood were improved in order to more effectively fi ght disease and save lives. Indeed, the understanding of how blood works in the body has come a long way, as elucidated in this volume. Readers will discover virtually everything science has learned about blood, from its basic properties to its circulation through the body to its malfunction in disease. Blood has numerous functions in a healthy body. One of its primary tasks is to deliver oxygen and nutrients to the body’s cells. Blood also distributes warmth to those regions that need it the most, wards off disease, and helps to fi lter harmful waste products such as carbon dioxide out of the body

Medical Biochemistry 5th Edition PDF Free Download

Research into the human genome and particularly gene regulation has been one of the main drivers of medical progress for some time now. A similar systemic approach has been applied to three other expanding fields: the study of the transcriptome, the proteome, and the metabolome (Fig. 1.1). From the biochemistry perspective, perhaps the most exciting development in the last few years has been the expansion of knowledge about proteins participating in the transfer of external metabolic signals to intracellular pathways and to and from the genome as well as the role of these networks in the regulation of cell division and growth (Fig. 1.2). This has also provided new insights into the pathogenesis of cancer and enabled new therapies for a range of diseases. All these developments have changed the way we look at metabolism. In addition to the strings of chemical reactions that have been the essence of biochemistry since its inception, we now recognize the sequences (cascades) of interacting signaling molecules that complement these reactions and are essential to their control. This poses new challenges for the student of biochemistry, who needs to face a novel and complex protein terminology. Familiarity with abbreviations and acronyms depicting signaling molecules and transcription factors is now necessary to gain a complete picture of metabolic pathways and their regulations. Another dimension of new knowledge is the growing understanding of links between metabolism and diseases that are related to nutrition, lifestyle, and environment. Obesity, diabetes, atherosclerosis, and cardiovascular disease, on the one hand, and malnutrition and nutritional deficiencies, on the other, are major global health concerns. Finally, the progress in neurochemistry is facilitating a better grasp of the science underpinning mental health problems. Biochemistry has fuzzy borders Biochemistry is not a discipline with clear borders. It links seamlessly to fields such as cell biology, anatomy, physiology, and pathology. In fact, it is not possible to understand or solve a clinical problem without crossing interdisciplinary borders. In this book, we cross these borders frequently, both in the text and in clinical boxes. The chapters covering nutrition, water and electrolytes, acid–base balance, and specialized tissues and their functions are fundamentally interdisciplinary and address several such crossover issues.

The Integumentary System, by Bryan E. Anderson, MD, takes a concise and highly visual approach to illustrate the basic sciences and clinical pathology of the skin, hair and nails. This newly added, never-before-published volume in The Netter Collection of Medical Illustrations (formerly the CIBA “Green Books”) captures current clinical perspectives on the integumentary system – from normal anatomy and histology to pathology, dermatology, and common issues in plastic surgery and wound healing. Using classic Netter illustrations and new illustrations created in the Netter tradition, as well as a great many cutting-edge histologic micrographs and diagnostic images, it provides a vivid, illuminating, and clinically indispensable view of this body system.

Gain a rich, holistic clinical view of every structure by seeing classic Netter anatomic illustrations, cutting-edge histologic images and diagnostic imaging studies side by side.
Visualize the most recent topics in cutaneous pathology such as sporothrix and cutaneous t-cell lymphoma as well as classic problems like alopecia and neurofibromatosis, informed by the latest developments in molecular biology and histologic imaging.
See current dermatologic concepts captured in the visually rich Netter artistic tradition via major new contributions from Netter disciple Carlos Machado, MD – making complex concepts easy to understand and remember through the precision, clarity, detail, and realism for which Netter’s work has always been known.
Get complete, integrated visual guidance on the skin, hair, and nails in a single source, from basic sciences and normal anatomy and function through pathologic conditions.
Adeptly navigate current controversies and timely topics in clinical medicine with guidance from the Editor and informed by an experienced international advisory board.

Current Medical Diagnosis & Treatment 2019 PDF Free Download

Current Medical Diagnosis & Treatment 2019 (CMDT 2019) is the 58th edition of this single-source reference forpractitioners in both hospital and ambulatory settings. The book emphasizes the practical features of clinical diagnosis andpatient management in all fields of internal medicine and in specialties of interest to primary care practitioners and tosubspecialists who provide general care.Our students have inspired us to look at issues of race and justice, which surely impact people’s health. We have thereforereviewed the content of our work to ensure that it contains the dignity and equality that every patient deserves.INTENDED AUDIENCE FOR CMDTHouse officers, medical students, and all other health professions students will find the descriptions of diagnostic andtherapeutic modalities, with citations to the current literature, of everyday usefulness in patient care.Internists, family physicians, hospitalists, nurse practitioners, physician assistants, and all primary care providers willappreciate CMDT as a ready reference and refresher text. Physicians in other specialties, pharmacists, and dentists will findthe book a useful basic medical reference text. Nurses, nurse practitioners, and physician assistants will welcome the formatand scope of the book as a means of referencing medical diagnosis and treatment.Patients and their family members who seek information about the nature of specific diseases and their diagnosis andtreatment may also find this book to be a valuable resource.NEW IN THIS EDITION OF CMDT• New color figures throughout the book• Rewritten section on pain management at the end of life• Updated American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association (ACC/AHA) guidelines for treatment ofvalvular heart disease• ACC consensus document providing decision pathway for use of transcatheter aortic valve replacement• Extensively revised sections on long QT syndrome; AV block; and sinus arrhythmia, bradycardia, and tachycardia• Rewritten section on atrial tachycardia• Substantial revision of ventricular tachycardia management• New algorithms for managing mitral regurgitation and heart failure with reduced ejjection fraction• New table outlining management strategies for women with valvular heart disease, complex congenital heart disease,pulmonary hypertension, aortopathy, and dilated cardiomyopathy• New ACC/AHA and Hypertension Canada blood pressure guidelines• New table outlining blood pressure values across a range of measurement methods (ie, home and ambulatorymonitoring)

British National Formulary BNF 68 PDF Free Download

The BNF is a joint publication of the British Medical Association and the Royal Pharmaceutical Society. It is published under the authority of a Joint Formulary Committee which comprises representatives of the two professional bodies, the UK Health Departments, the Medicines and Healthcare products Regulatory Agency, and a national guideline producer. The Dental Advisory Group oversees the preparation of advice on the drug management of dental and oral conditions; the Group includes representatives of the British Dental Association and a representative from the UK Health Departments. The Nurse Prescribers’ Advisory Group advises on the content relevant to nurses and includes representatives from different parts of the nursing community and from the UK Health Departments. The aims to provide prescribers, pharmacists, and other healthcare professionals with sound up-to-date information about the use of medicines. The BNF includes key information on the selection, prescribing, dispensing and administration of medicines. Medicines generally prescribed in the UK are covered and those considered less suitable for prescribing are clearly identified. Little or no information is included on medicines promoted for purchase by the public. Information on drugs is drawn from the manufacturers’ product literature, medical and pharmaceutical literature, UK health departments, regulatory authorities, and professional bodies. Advice is constructed from clinical literature and reflects, as far as possible, an evaluation of the evidence from diverse sources. The BNF also takes account of authoritative national guidelines and emerging safety concerns. In addition, the editorial team receives advice on all therapeutic areas from expert clinicians; this ensures that the BNF’s recommendations are relevant to practice.

With this 14th edition, Junqueira’s Basic Histology continues as the preeminent source of concise yet thorough information on human tissue structure and function. For nearly 45 years this educational resource has met the needs of learners for a well-organized and concise presentation of cell biology and histology that integrates the material with that of biochemistry, immunology, endocrinology, and physiology and provides an excellent foundation for subsequent studies in pathology. The text is prepared specifically for students of medicine and other health-related professions, as well as for advanced undergraduate courses in tissue biology. As a result of its value and appeal to students and instructors alike, Junqueira’s Basic Histology has been translated into a dozen different languages and is used by medical students throughout the world. This edition now includes with each chapter a set of multiple-choice Self-Test Questions that allow readers to assess their comprehension and knowledge of important material in that chapter. At least a few questions in each set utilize clinical vignettes or cases to provide context for framing the medical relevance of concepts in basic science, as recommended by the US National Board of Medical Examiners. As with the last edition, each chapter also includes a Summary of Key Points designed to guide the students concerning what is clearly important and what is less so. Summary Tables in each chapter organize and condense important information, further facilitating efficient learning. Each chapter has been revised and shortened, while coverage of specific topics has been expanded as needed. Study is facilitated by modern page design. Inserted throughout each chapter are more numerous, short paragraphs that indicate how the information presented can be used medically and which emphasize the foundational relevance of the material learned. The art and other figures are presented in each chapter, with the goal to simplify learning and integration with related material. The McGraw-Hill medical illustrations, now used throughout the text and supplemented by numerous animations in the electronic version of the text, are the most useful, thorough, and attractive of any similar medical textbook. Electron and light micrographs have been replaced throughout the book as needed, and again make up a complete atlas of cell, tissue, and organ structures fully compatible with the students’ own collection of glass or digital slides. A virtual microscope with over 150 slides of all human tissues and organs is available: http://medsci.indiana.edu/junqueira/ virtual/junqueira.htm. As with the previous edition, the book facilitates learning by its organization:
■ An opening chapter reviews the histological techniques that allow understanding of cell and tissue structure.
■ Two chapters then summarize the structural and functional organization of human cell biology, presenting the cytoplasm and nucleus separately.
■ The next seven chapters cover the four basic tissues that make up our organs: epithelia, connective tissue (and its major sub-types), nervous tissue, and muscle.
■ Remaining chapters explain the organization and functional significance of these tissues in each of the body’s organ systems, closing with up-to-date consideration of cells in the eye and ear

This Handbook of Multiple Choice Questions is the fourth in a series of publications that has been produced by the Australian Medical Council (AMC) to assist International Medical Graduates (IMGs) prepare for the AMC examinations. The AMC and the authors of this and earlier documents deserve considerable recognition for their insight, commitment and expertise in supporting IMGs’ entry into the Australian medical system, and for doing so in a manner which assures the Australian public about their competence. The introduction to this book lists the many clinicians who have contributed to its development. They are among the most respected doctors in Australia. These same clinicians devote many days each year to the development and review of materials for the AMC examinations and most have been doing so for many years. Their commitment to the AMC and its examinations underscores the respect they have and priority they assign to the AMC and its role and, more importantly, the quality of the assessment materials comprising the AMC examinations.
The examinations of the AMC are developed to assess competence at the level of a graduate from an Australian medical school, and assess competence relative to the requirements of safe, effective medical practice and health care in Australia. Effective this year, IMGs seeking general registration through the Standard Pathway must pass the AMC’s multiple choice question (MCQ) examination as a precondition to working in Australia. This latest publication serves IMGs well as an introduction and orientation to this examination. It has been over a decade since the AMC produced its first publication in this series. The first publication, like this current publication, addressed the needs of IMGs in their preparation for the AMC MCQ examination. A comparison of the first and fourth booklets identifies a remarkable evolution of the MCQ examination; from an emphasis on the assessment of an IMG’s knowledge base to one of testing their ability to make key clinical decisions underlying safe and effective clinical practice. This evolution is based on the recognition that, while possessing knowledge remains a cornerstone of clinical competence, the ability to apply that knowledge in the context of clinical problems is the real test of clinical competence, and that knowing alone is a necessary but not sufficient condition to being clinically competent.