Acute Tonsillitis – causes (viral, bacterial), pathophysiology, treatment, tonsillectomy [Video]

“The tonsils are part of what is called Waldeyer’s ring. Generally when talking about tonsils we are talking about the palatine tonsils situated on both sides of the throat. The tonsils are important in the early years of life because the lymphoid tissues containing the immune cells are continuously exposed to many antigens. That is why until the age of 6 tonsils are typically hyperplastic and tend to regress by 12 years of age. The palatine tonsils have a strong blood supply from five different vessels, that is why there is a risk of a lot of bleeding with tonsillectomy. Zooming to the tonsils, we can see they have deep crypts and lymph nodules. The crypts are normally colonised by many species of bacteria and also exposed to many viral organisms.

Many viral and bacterial organisms can cause tonsillitis, which is inflammation of the tonsils causing tonsillar oedema, hypertrophy, erythema and pain. The inflammation may affect other areas of the back of the throat, including the adenoids and the lingual tonsils. This inflammatory response produces exudate either white, grey, or yellow discharge. Cultures are not often useful in distinguishing the offending pathogen because even you grow something they are probably commensal organisms anyway.

Generally with acute tonsillitis the pharynx is also inflamed and so a better definition is pharyngotonsillitis rather than acute tonsillitis.

Majority of the cases of tonsillitis are usually from viruses. Common viral organisms that cause tonsillitis include epstein barr virus (EBV), adenovirus, rhinovirus, RSV, influenza and parainfluenza. The most common bacterial cause of acute tonsillitis is Group A Streptococcus (GAS). We will focus on a the two clinically important causes of acute tonsillitis: EBV and GAS”
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Syphilis – causes, symptoms, diagnosis, treatment, pathology [Video]

What is Syphilis? Syphilis is a sexually transmitted disease that affects the skin and mucous membrane of the external genitalia, and also sometimes the mouth. It is caused by the bacterium Treponema pallidum.
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Laryngeal Nerve Palsy or Paralysis (Anatomy, physiology, classification, causes, pathophysiology) [Video]

“Laryngeal nerve palsy usually refers to the palsy of the recurrent largyngeal nerve. The recurrent laryngeal nerve is responsible for both abduction (opening) and adduction (closing) of the vocal fold. Therefore recurrent laryngeal nerve palsy is also called vocal cord paralysis and may be the first presentation of severe pathology such as cancer. People often present with hoarseness, coughing and exertional dyspnea.

The vagus nerve runs a complex course. The vagus nerve exits the brainstem and descends and supplies and innervates many organs including the heart, lungs and gastrointestinal tract. The right and left vagus nerve descends along the trachea behind the common carotid artery. As the vagus nerve descends down it gives off a few branches; the superior laryngeal nerve which branches into the external and internal laryngeal nerves. The external laryngeal nerve supplies the cricothyroid muscle, the tuning fork of the larynx, responsible for raising pitch.The internal laryngeal nerve is responsible for sensation of the larynx above the vocal cords.”
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